Vulnerabilities / CVE-2026-23112

critical

CVE-2026-23112

kernel: nvmet-tcp: add bounds checks in nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec

Published Modified CWE 787, 125
In the Trivy database since at least 24 Oct 2026, 07:11 UTCWhen it arrived before that build is not recorded.

Severity by source

NVD9.8CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Red Hat6.8CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H

Trivy's own label is CRITICAL. Rated critical by NVD, Photon OS. Rated lower by Oracle (high), Ubuntu (high), Red Hat (medium), Azure Linux (medium).

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nvmet-tcp: add bounds checks in nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec nvmet_tcp_build_pdu_iovec() could walk past cmd->req.sg when a PDU length or offset exceeds sg_cnt and then use bogus sg->length/offset values, leading to _copy_to_iter() GPF/KASAN. Guard sg_idx, remaining entries, and sg->length/offset before building the bvec.

Affected packages and fixed versions

SourcePackageFixed in
Photon OS 4.0bpftool, linux, linux-devel and 7 more5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 5.0bpftool, linux, linux-devel and 8 more6.1.163-1.ph5
Azure Linux 3.0kernel0:6.6.126.1-1.azl3
debian 11linux, linux-6.15.10.257-1 and 1 more
debian 12linux6.1.164-1
debian 13linux6.12.73-1
debian 14linux6.18.10-1
echolinux1
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek, kernel-uek-core, kernel-uek-debug and 32 more6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
rapidfort alma 10libperf, perf, python3-perf and 2 moreno fix listed
rapidfort alma 8bpftool, perf, python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9bpftool, libperf, perf and 3 moreno fix listed
Show all 324 entries from 31 sources
SourcePackageFixed in
Photon OS 4.0bpftool5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-devel5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-docs5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-drivers-gpu5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-drivers-intel-sgx5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-drivers-sound5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-oprofile5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-python3-perf5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 4.0linux-tools5.10.250-1.ph4
Photon OS 5.0bpftool6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-devel6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-docs6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-drivers-gpu6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-drivers-sound6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-esx6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-esx-devel6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-esx-docs6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-python3-perf6.1.163-1.ph5
Photon OS 5.0linux-tools6.1.163-1.ph5
Azure Linux 3.0kernel0:6.6.126.1-1.azl3
debian 11linux5.10.257-1
debian 11linux-6.16.1.164-1~deb11u1
debian 12linux6.1.164-1
debian 13linux6.12.73-1
debian 14linux6.18.10-1
echolinux1
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-devel6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-deprecated6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-desktop6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-extra6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-extra-netfilter6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-usb6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-debug-modules-wireless6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-devel6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-doc6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-deprecated6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-desktop6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-extra6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-extra-netfilter6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-usb6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-modules-wireless6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek-tools6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-devel6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-core6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-deprecated6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-desktop6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-extra6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-extra-netfilter6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-usb6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
Oracle Linux 9kernel-uek64k-modules-wireless6.12.0-204.92.4.2.el9uek
rapidfort alma 10libperfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 10perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 10python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 10rtlano fix listed
rapidfort alma 10rvno fix listed
rapidfort alma 8bpftoolno fix listed
rapidfort alma 8perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 8python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9bpftoolno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9libperfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort alma 9rtlano fix listed
rapidfort alma 9rvno fix listed
rapidfort fedora 43kernel7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort fedora 43libperf7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort fedora 43perf7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort fedora 43python3-perf7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort fedora 43rtla7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort fedora 43rv7.2.12-101.fc43
rapidfort Oracle Linux 10libperfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 10perfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 10python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 10rtlano fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 10rvno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9bpftoolno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9libperfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9perfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9rtlano fix listed
rapidfort Oracle Linux 9rvno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 10libperfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 10perfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 10python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 10rtlano fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 10rvno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 9libperfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 9perfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 9python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 9rtlano fix listed
rapidfort Red Hat 9rvno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10kernelno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10libperfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10rtlano fix listed
rapidfort rocky 10rvno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 8bpftoolno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 8perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 8python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9bpftoolno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9kernelno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9libperfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9python3-perfno fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9rtlano fix listed
rapidfort rocky 9rvno fix listed
Red Hatbpftoolno fix listed
Red Hatkernelno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64kno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debugno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-debug-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-64k-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-abi-stablelistsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-abi-whitelistsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-cross-headersno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debugno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-uki-virtno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-debug-uki-virt-addonsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-docno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-headersno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-ipaclones-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rtno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64kno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debugno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-kvmno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-debug-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-kvmno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-64k-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debugno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-kvmno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-debug-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-kvmno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-rt-selftests-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-selftests-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-toolsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-tools-libsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-tools-libs-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-uki-virtno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-uki-virt-addonsno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdumpno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-develno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-devel-matchedno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-modulesno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-modules-coreno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-modules-extrano fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-modules-internalno fix listed
Red Hatkernel-zfcpdump-modules-partnerno fix listed
Red Hatlibperfno fix listed
Red Hatlibperf-develno fix listed
Red Hatperfno fix listed
Red Hatpython3-perfno fix listed
Red Hatrtlano fix listed
Red Hatrvno fix listed
root.io debian 11linux5.10.251-5.root.io.85, 5.10.251-5.root.io.86, 5.10.251-5.root.io.87, 5.10.251-5.root.io.88, 5.10.251-5.root.io.89, 5.10.251-5.root.io.90
root.io debian 11rootio-linux5.10.251-5.root.io.85, 5.10.251-5.root.io.86, 5.10.251-5.root.io.87, 5.10.251-5.root.io.88, 5.10.251-5.root.io.89, 5.10.251-5.root.io.90
root.io debian 12linux6.1.164-1, 6.1.172-1.root.io.132, 6.1.172-1.root.io.133, 6.1.172-1.root.io.134, 6.1.172-1.root.io.135, 6.1.172-1.root.io.136
root.io debian 12rootio-linux6.1.164-1, 6.1.172-1.root.io.132, 6.1.172-1.root.io.133, 6.1.172-1.root.io.134, 6.1.172-1.root.io.135, 6.1.172-1.root.io.136
root.io debian 13linux6.12.73-1, 6.12.90-1.root.io.129
root.io debian 13rootio-linux6.12.73-1, 6.12.90-1.root.io.129
root.io ubuntu 22.04linux5.15.0-177.187, 5.15.0-179.189.root.io.88, 5.15.0-179.189.root.io.89
root.io ubuntu 22.04rootio-linux5.15.0-177.187, 5.15.0-179.189.root.io.88, 5.15.0-179.189.root.io.89
root.io ubuntu 24.04linux6.8.0-111.111, 6.8.0-117.117.root.io.67, 6.8.0-117.117.root.io.68
root.io ubuntu 24.04rootio-linux6.8.0-111.111, 6.8.0-117.117.root.io.67, 6.8.0-117.117.root.io.68
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-aws-5.45.4.0-1158.168~18.04.1
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-azure-5.45.4.0-1162.168~18.04.1
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-gcp-5.45.4.0-1161.170~18.04.1
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-hwe-5.45.4.0-229.249~18.04.1
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-ibm-5.45.4.0-1104.109~18.04.1
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-oracle-5.45.4.0-1156.166~18.04.2
ubuntu 18.04-ESMlinux-raspi-5.45.4.0-1143.156~18.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux5.4.0-229.249
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-aws5.4.0-1158.168
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-aws-5.155.15.0-1106.113~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-azure5.4.0-1162.168
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-azure-5.155.15.0-1111.120~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-bluefield5.4.0-1117.124
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-gcp5.4.0-1161.170
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-gcp-5.155.15.0-1106.115~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-hwe-5.155.15.0-177.187~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-ibm5.4.0-1104.109
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-ibm-5.155.15.0-1100.103~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-intel-iotg-5.155.15.0-1101.107~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-iot5.4.0-1062.65
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-kvm5.4.0-1145.154
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-lowlatency-hwe-5.155.15.0-177.187~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-nvidia-tegra-5.155.15.0-1058.58~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-oracle5.4.0-1156.166
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-oracle-5.155.15.0-1104.110~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-raspi5.4.0-1143.156
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-riscv-5.155.15.0-1100.104~20.04.1
ubuntu 20.04-ESMlinux-xilinx-zynqmp5.4.0-1076.80
ubuntu 22.04linux5.15.0-177.187
ubuntu 22.04linux-aws5.15.0-1106.113
ubuntu 22.04linux-aws-6.86.8.0-1053.56~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-azure5.15.0-1111.120
ubuntu 22.04linux-azure-6.86.8.0-1059.65~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-azure-fde5.15.0-1114.123
ubuntu 22.04linux-azure-fde-6.86.8.0-1058.65~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-gcp5.15.0-1106.115
ubuntu 22.04linux-gcp-6.86.8.0-1060.63~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-gke5.15.0-1102.108
ubuntu 22.04linux-gkeop5.15.0-1089.97
ubuntu 22.04linux-hwe-6.86.8.0-111.111~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-ibm5.15.0-1100.103
ubuntu 22.04linux-ibm-6.86.8.0-1052.52~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-intel-iotg5.15.0-1101.107
ubuntu 22.04linux-kvm5.15.0-1098.103
ubuntu 22.04linux-lowlatency5.15.0-177.187
ubuntu 22.04linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.86.8.0-111.111.1~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-nvidia5.15.0-1101.102
ubuntu 22.04linux-nvidia-6.86.8.0-1052.55~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-nvidia-tegra5.15.0-1058.58
ubuntu 22.04linux-nvidia-tegra-igx5.15.0-1047.47
ubuntu 22.04linux-oracle5.15.0-1103.109
ubuntu 22.04linux-oracle-6.86.8.0-1050.51~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-raspi5.15.0-1100.103
ubuntu 22.04linux-riscv-6.86.8.0-111.111~22.04.1
ubuntu 22.04linux-xilinx-zynqmp5.15.0-1070.74
ubuntu 24.04linux6.8.0-111.111
ubuntu 24.04linux-aws6.8.0-1053.56
ubuntu 24.04linux-aws-6.176.17.0-1013.13~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-azure6.8.0-1054.60
ubuntu 24.04linux-azure-6.176.17.0-1013.13~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-azure-fde6.8.0-1058.65
ubuntu 24.04linux-azure-nvidiano fix listed
ubuntu 24.04linux-gcp6.8.0-1055.58
ubuntu 24.04linux-gcp-6.176.17.0-1013.13~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-gke6.8.0-1051.57
ubuntu 24.04linux-gkeop6.8.0-1038.41
ubuntu 24.04linux-hwe-6.176.17.0-23.23~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-ibm6.8.0-1052.52
ubuntu 24.04linux-lowlatency6.8.0-111.111.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-nvidia6.8.0-1052.55
ubuntu 24.04linux-nvidia-6.176.17.0-1026.26
ubuntu 24.04linux-nvidia-lowlatency6.8.0-1052.55.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-nvidia-tegra6.8.0-1023.23
ubuntu 24.04linux-oem-6.176.17.0-1020.20
ubuntu 24.04linux-oracle6.8.0-1050.51
ubuntu 24.04linux-oracle-6.176.17.0-1014.14~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-raspi6.8.0-1053.57
ubuntu 24.04linux-riscv-6.176.17.0-23.23.1~24.04.1
ubuntu 24.04linux-xilinx6.8.0-1029.30
ubuntu 25.10linux6.17.0-23.23
ubuntu 25.10linux-aws6.17.0-1013.13
ubuntu 25.10linux-azure6.17.0-1013.13
ubuntu 25.10linux-gcp6.17.0-1013.13
ubuntu 25.10linux-oracle6.17.0-1012.12
ubuntu 25.10linux-raspi6.17.0-1014.14
ubuntu 25.10linux-realtime6.17.0-1011.12
ubuntu 25.10linux-riscv6.17.0-23.23.1

References

All 35 references

Vulnerability data compiled from the Trivy vulnerability database (trivy-db, Aqua Security, Apache License 2.0), which aggregates third-party advisories. CVE records are published by The MITRE Corporation under the CVE Terms of Use; CVE is a trademark of MITRE. This product uses data from the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Severity, titles and advisory data from the GitHub Advisory Database (CC BY 4.0), Red Hat security data (CC BY 4.0) and the other sources linked on each entry. Entries may be summarised or re-formatted; the linked original is the authoritative record.